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Majeureは「偉大な」の意味で、Forceは力ですので、この言葉を直訳すると「偉大な力」、act of God（神の行為）とも言われている、契約を結んだ当事者が自分の力ではどうすることもできない事柄のことを意味します。通常、契約書の中には、不可抗力条項というものが設けられ、そこには不可抗力であるとされるものが列挙されます。以下がその典型的なものです。Fire 火事Flood 洪水Storms 嵐Earthquake 地震Typhoon 台風Tidal wave 大津波Plague 疫病Epidemics 伝染病Governmental laws 政府の法律Governmental Orders 命令Governmental Regulations 規則Sanctions 経済制裁Restriction 制限War 戦争Armed conflict 武力衝突Hostilities 戦闘Mobilization 動員Blockade 海上封鎖Embargo 禁輸措置Detention 拘留Revolution 革命Riot 暴動Looting 略奪Strike ストライキLabour dispute 労働争議Unavailability of transportation 輸送手段の使用不可Severe economic dislocation 深刻な経済混乱上記のような状況が発生した場合には、契約上の義務や責任が遂行を行わないことに対して責任を問われないとされるのが、契約の大原則の１つです。
Force majeure (French for "greater force") is a common clause in contracts which essentially frees both parties from liability or obligation when an extraordinary event or circumstance beyond the control of the parties, such as war, strike, riot, crime, act of nature (e.g., flooding, earthquake, volcano), prevents one or both parties from fulfilling their obligations under the contract. However, force majeure is not intended to excuse negligence or other malfeasance of a party, as where non-performance is caused by the usual and natural consequences of external forces (e.g., predicted rain stops an outdoor event), or where the intervening circumstances are specifically contemplated.
Time-critical and other sensitive contracts may be drafted to limit the shield of this clause where a party does not take reasonable steps (or specific precautions) to prevent or limit the effects of the outside interference, either when they become likely or when they actually occur. A force majeure may work to excuse all or part of the obligations of one or both parties. For example, a strike might prevent timely delivery of goods, but not timely payment for the portion delivered. Similarly, a widespread power outage would not be a force majeure excuse if the contract requires the provision of backup power or other contingency plans for continuity.
A force majeure may also be the overpowering force itself, which prevents the fulfillment of a contract. In that instance, it is actually the Impossibility defense.
In the military, force majeure has a slightly different meaning. It refers to an event, either external or internal, that happens to a vessel or aircraft that allows it to enter normally restricted areas without penalty. A recent example would be the U.S. Navy aircraft that landed at a Chinese military airbase after a collision with a Chinese fighter. Under the principle of force majeure, the aircraft must be allowed to land without interference.
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